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Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2020Denosumab is a receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand inhibitor, which suppresses the bone resorption process to preserve bone mass. It is usually... (Review)
Review
Denosumab is a receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand inhibitor, which suppresses the bone resorption process to preserve bone mass. It is usually recommended to postmenopausal women and men with high fracture risk. With the recent publication of the results from FREEDOM study and its extension, the long-term effect of denosumab in preventing fragility fractures has been put forward. This review aims at summarising the evidence of denosumab in reducing fracture risk and its safety derived from clinical studies. Most of the evidence are derived from FREEDOM trials up to 10 years of exposure. Denosumab is reported to prevent vertebral and non-vertebral fractures. It is also proven effective in Japanese women, patients with chronic kidney diseases and breast cancer patients receiving antineoplastic therapy. Denosumab discontinuation leads to high remodeling, loss of bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. These negative effects might be preventable by bisphosphonate treatment. The safety profile of denosumab is consistent with increased years of exposure. In conclusion, denosumab is a safe and effective option for reducing fracture risk among patients with osteoporosis.
Topics: Bone Density; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Bone Remodeling; Denosumab; Humans; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 33061307
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S270829 -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Jun 2021Down syndrome (DS) is caused by trisomy 21 (Ts21) and results in skeletal deficits including shortened stature, low bone mineral density, and a predisposition to early... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by trisomy 21 (Ts21) and results in skeletal deficits including shortened stature, low bone mineral density, and a predisposition to early onset osteoporosis. Ts21 causes significant alterations in skeletal development, morphology of the appendicular skeleton, bone homeostasis, age-related bone loss, and bone strength. However, the genetic or cellular origins of DS skeletal phenotypes remain unclear.
RECENT FINDINGS
New studies reveal a sexual dimorphism in characteristics and onset of skeletal deficits that differ between DS and typically developing individuals. Age-related bone loss occurs earlier in the DS as compared to general population. Perturbations of DS skeletal quality arise from alterations in cellular and molecular pathways affected by the overexpression of trisomic genes. Sex-specific alterations occur in critical developmental pathways that disrupt bone accrual, remodeling, and homeostasis and are compounded by aging, resulting in increased risks for osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fracture in individuals with DS.
Topics: Bone Density; Bone Diseases; Down Syndrome; Humans; Phenotype
PubMed: 33830429
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-021-00674-y -
Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira... Apr 2022This study aimed to explore the correlation between different body components and bone mineral density in healthy adults.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to explore the correlation between different body components and bone mineral density in healthy adults.
METHODS
A total of 306 non-manual subjects, 161 males and 145 females, were selected from the physical examination center of our hospital from June to September 2019. They were divided into control group, overweight group, and obese group according to body mass index. The muscle mass and fat mass, body fat content, trunk fat mass, upper limb and thigh fat mass, bone density of femoral neck and lumbar vertebra, and bone mineral salt content of the whole body were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
RESULTS
Body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, femoral neck bone mineral density, bone mineral salt content, fat mass, muscle mass, upper limb fat mass, thigh fat mass, and trunk fat mass in the overweight group and obese group were all higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The fat mass, muscle mass, upper limb fat mass, and trunk fat mass were positively correlated with the femoral neck bone mineral density, total lumbar vertebra bone mineral density, and bone mineral salt content (P<0.05). In addition, thigh fat mass was positively correlated with femoral neck bone mineral density and total lumbar spine bone mineral density, whereas body fat content was negatively correlated with bone mineral salt content.
CONCLUSION
Body composition was related to bone mineral density and bone mineral salt content, and the correlation between different body composition indexes, and bone mineral density, and bone mineral salt content was different.
Topics: Adult; Body Composition; Bone Density; Female; Humans; Male; Minerals; Obesity; Overweight
PubMed: 35649065
DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20210669 -
Canadian Association of Radiologists... Aug 2017
Review
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bone Density; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Osteoporosis; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 28396004
DOI: 10.1016/j.carj.2016.10.006 -
European Spine Journal : Official... Oct 2003Bisphosphonates are compounds characterized by a P-C-P structure. They act essentially on bone, inhibiting bone resorption. Through this mechanism they decrease bone... (Review)
Review
Bisphosphonates are compounds characterized by a P-C-P structure. They act essentially on bone, inhibiting bone resorption. Through this mechanism they decrease bone loss, increase bone mineral density, and decrease bone turnover. They are therefore administered in diseases with elevated bone destruction, such as Paget's disease, metastatic bone disease, and osteoporosis. In the latter they diminish both vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. The adverse events are few, mostly gastrointestinal, and can be avoided to a large extent by correct administration. Since there are no other compounds available which have a similar profile, they represent today the drugs of choice in the treatment and the secondary prevention of osteoporosis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Bone Density; Child; Diphosphonates; Female; Humans; Osteoporosis
PubMed: 13680318
DOI: 10.1007/s00586-003-0622-z -
Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2022This paper gives an overview of the impact of type 1 diabetes on bone health in children and adolescents. Firstly, we analyse studies using dual X-ray absorptiometry to... (Review)
Review
This paper gives an overview of the impact of type 1 diabetes on bone health in children and adolescents. Firstly, we analyse studies using dual X-ray absorptiometry to assess bone mineral content and bone mineral density. Then, we discuss modern, non-invasive techniques including peripheral quantitative computer tomography (pQCT) and high-resolution pQCT for the detailed assessment of bone health aspects including bone mass, bone geometry, bone microarchitecture, and bone strength. Thereafter, we explore some of the mechanisms that are responsible for diabetic bone disease in children, like low bone turnover and high sclerostin levels. Finally, we summarize some of the evidence for the importance of microvascular disease in the pathophysiology of diabetic bone disease.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adolescent; Bone Density; Bone Diseases; Child; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Humans; Radius
PubMed: 34937025
DOI: 10.1159/000521627 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2014A few studies in animals and a study in humans showed a positive effect of probiotic on bone metabolism and bone mass density. Most of the investigated bacteria were... (Review)
Review
A few studies in animals and a study in humans showed a positive effect of probiotic on bone metabolism and bone mass density. Most of the investigated bacteria were Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. The positive results of the probiotics were supported by the high content of dietary calcium and the high amounts of supplemented probiotics. Some of the principal mechanisms include (1) increasing mineral solubility due to production of short chain fatty acids; (2) producing phytase enzyme by bacteria to overcome the effect of mineral depressed by phytate; (3) reducing intestinal inflammation followed by increasing bone mass density; (4) hydrolysing glycoside bond food in the intestines by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. These mechanisms lead to increase bioavailability of the minerals. In conclusion, probiotics showed potential effects on bone metabolism through different mechanisms with outstanding results in the animal model. The results also showed that postmenopausal women who suffered from low bone mass density are potential targets to consume probiotics for increasing mineral bioavailability including calcium and consequently increasing bone mass density.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Calcium, Dietary; Humans; Probiotics
PubMed: 24587733
DOI: 10.1155/2014/595962 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2023The purpose of this study was to verify whether there is a causal relationship between breast cancer and bone mineral density (BMD). Summary statistics for exposures and...
The purpose of this study was to verify whether there is a causal relationship between breast cancer and bone mineral density (BMD). Summary statistics for exposures and outcomes were obtained from corresponding genome-wide association studies. The bidirectional and multivariate mediated Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed. In the bidirectional MR analysis, breast cancer might reduce the BMD of the heel (HE-BMD) (FDR = 1.51 × 10) as might its ER+ subtype (FDR = 1.51 × 10). From BMD to breast cancer, no significant association was found (FDR > 0.05). The mediating MR analysis showed that Higher free testosterone (FT) only mediated the causal relationship between breast cancer and HE-BMD by 2.9%; both ER+ type and FT were independent factors of HE-BMD (ER+: P = 0.021; FT: P = 6.88 × 10). Higher FT could increase the risk of breast cancer (FDR = 1.21 × 10) as could total testosterone (TT) (FDR = 5.81 × 10). Similarly, higher FT could increase the risk of ER+ subtype (FDR = 2.51 × 10) as could TT (FDR = 5.55 × 10). These results indicate that BMD is not a risk factor for breast cancer but breast cancer and its ER+ subtype are risk factors for BMD loss. Furthermore, higher FT and TT levels are associated with both an increased incidence of breast cancer and increased bone density.
Topics: Bone Density; Genome-Wide Association Study; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Testosterone; Neoplasms
PubMed: 36720901
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28899-0 -
Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju 2012One of the main determinants of who will develop osteoporosis is the amount of bone accumulated at peak bone density. There is poor agreement, however, on when peak bone... (Review)
Review
One of the main determinants of who will develop osteoporosis is the amount of bone accumulated at peak bone density. There is poor agreement, however, on when peak bone density occurs. Ethnic differences were observed in age at peak bone density and their correlates. Since the diagnosis of osteoporosis and osteopaenia is based on the comparison between patients' bone mineral density (BMD) and optimal peak bone density in healthy young people (T-score), it is of great importance that each country should provide its own reference peak bone density data.This review article presents our published results on peak bone density in Croatia and compares them with findings in other populations. Our research included 18 to 25-year-old students from Zagreb University and their parents. The results showed that peak bone mass in young Croatian women was achieved before the age of twenty, but BMD continued to increase after the mid-twenties in the long-bone cortical skeleton. BMD was comparable to the values reported by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and other studies that included the same age groups, except for the cortical part of the radius, where it was significantly lower. Men achieved peak bone density in the spine later than women, which cannot be explained by different diet or physical activity. As expected, heredity was more important for peak bone density than the environmental factors known to be important for bone health. However, the influence of heredity was not as strong as observed in most other populations. It was also weaker in the cortical than in the trabecular parts of the skeleton. Future research should include young adolescent population to define the exact age of achieving peak bone density in different skeletal sites.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bone Density; Croatia; Exercise; Female; Humans; Life Style; Male; Smoking; Young Adult
PubMed: 22548848
DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2130 -
Medicine and Science in Sports and... May 2018This study aimed to determine if replacing time spent in high- and low-impact physical activity (PA) predicts changes in pediatric bone mineral density (BMD) and content...
PURPOSE
This study aimed to determine if replacing time spent in high- and low-impact physical activity (PA) predicts changes in pediatric bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC).
METHODS
We analyzed data from the longitudinal Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (N = 2337 with up to seven visits). The participants were age 5-19 yr at baseline, 51.2% were female, and 80.6% were nonblack. Spine, total hip, and femoral neck areal BMD and total body less head (TBLH) BMC Z-scores were calculated. Hours per day spent in high- and low-impact PA were self-reported. Standard covariate-adjusted (partition model) and time allocation-sensitive isotemporal substitution modeling frameworks were applied to linear mixed models. Statistical interactions with sex, self-reported ancestry, age, and bone fragility genetic scores (percentage of areal BMD-lowering alleles carried) were tested.
RESULTS
In standard models, high-impact PA was positively associated with bone Z-score at all four skeletal sites (e.g., TBLH-BMC Z-score: beta = 0.05, P = 2.0 × 10), whereas low-impact PA was not associated with any of the bone Z-scores. In isotemporal substitution models, replacing 1 h·d of low- for high-impact PA was associated with higher bone Z-scores (e.g., TBLH-BMC Z-score: beta = 0.06, P = 2.9 × 10). Conversely, replacing 1 h·d of high- for low-impact PA was associated with lower bone Z-scores (e.g., TBLH-BMC Z-score: beta = -0.06, P = 2.9 × 10). The substitution associations were similar for each sex and ancestry group, and for those with higher and lower genetic scores for bone fragility (P-interactions > 0.05), but increased in strength among the older adolescents (P-age interactions < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Time-sensitive models suggest that replacing low-impact PA for high-impact PA would be beneficial for the growing skeleton in the majority of children.
Topics: Adolescent; Alleles; Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Child; Child, Preschool; Exercise; Female; Humans; Male; Models, Theoretical; Wnt Signaling Pathway
PubMed: 29465475
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001520